Sesterin as a biomolecule

Sestrins (Sesns), highly conserved stress-inducing metabolic proteins, are known to protect organisms against various harmful stimuli including DNA damage, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and hypoxia. Sestrins regulate metabolism mainly through activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibition of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Sestrins also play a pivotal role in activating autophagy and inhibiting apoptosis in normal cells, while conversely promoting apoptosis in cancer cells. The function of Sestrins in diseases such as metabolic disorders, neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer has been widely investigated in the last decades. However, there are a limited number of reviews that have summarized the functions of Sestrins in the pathophysiological processes of human diseases, especially diseases of the musculoskeletal system. For this reason, to improve the quality of life, it is necessary to measure the plasma levels of Sesn1, Sesn2 and Sesn3 by immunological method. One of the goals of this review is to discuss the biological functions of Sestrins in the pathophysiological process and phenotype of diseases.